About the Authors

Armando Borda

ESAN University Graduate School of Business, Lima, Peru
Dr Borda (PhD, Florida International University) is an assistant professor at the Graduate School of Business of ESAN University in Peru. His area of interest focuses on the internationalisation of Latin American firms and on exploring how the role of reputation, business group affiliation and institutional context affects the process itself and selected outcomes such as survival, reputation and performance. His work has been published in the Journal of International Business Studies, Journal of World Business, Journal of Business Research and in Multinational Business Review.

Ayman Ismail

Onsi Sawiris School of Business, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
Dr Ismail is an international expert in entrepreneurship and economic development. He is the Abdul Latif Jameel Endowed Chair of Entrepreneurship at The American University in Cairo (AUC) Onsi Sawiris School of Business and the founding director of the AUC Venture Lab, the top start-up accelerator in the Middle East and Africa. He is also the founder of AUC Innovation Hub, a platform to connect industry and academia around innovation and R&D. He is the chairman of the Board of Egypt Ventures (VC) and PayMob (digital payments) and a co-founder, angel investor and board member in fast-growing tech start-ups and financial institutions. Previously, he was a research fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School, a consultant at McKinsey & Company’s New York office and the World Bank, a co-founder and managing partner at Enovio Consulting and a Young Global Leader at the World Economic Forum. He received his PhD in international economic development from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He has degrees in engineering, business, city planning and information technology from AUC and MIT.

Anne Miroux

Cornell S. C. Johnson College of Business, at Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
Anne Miroux is a Faculty Fellow at the Emerging Market Institute, Cornell S. C. Johnson College of Business at Cornell University, and a former Director of the Division on Technology and Logistics in the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and Head of the Secretariat of the UN Commission on Science and Technology for Development (CSTD). With over thirty years of experience in international trade and finance and STI policies, she began her career in New York in the United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations where she was involved in the negotiations on the UN Code of Conduct on Transnational Corporations. In UNCTAD, she directed for several years the World Investment Reports (WIR), the UN flagship report on FDI and transnational corporations and served as the Editor of the UN Transnational Corporations Journal. She has authored many publications on debt, FDI, technology and innovation and emerging economies – including with Lourdes Casanova the Emerging Market Multinationals Reports (2016 to 2024) and the The Era of Chinese Multinationals (Academic Press Elsevier, 2019) and, as a co-editor with Fernand Cahen and Lourdes Casanova, From Copycats to Leaders: Innovation from Emerging Markets (Cambridge University Press2021. Anne Miroux graduated from HEC, Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales, and from IEP (Institut d’Etudes Politiques – Paris). She holds a PHD in Economics from Paris I – Sorbonne.

Andrei Panibratov

EMLV Business School, Léonard de Vinci Pôle Universitaire, Paris, France
Dr Andrei Panibratov is a professor at the EMLV Business School, Léonard de Vinci Pôle Universitaire in Paris. His research focuses on the internationalisation and political activity of emerging market firms and on emerging market multinational enterprises’ challenges including green transformation, migration and diasporas, populism and economic sanctions. He has published in the British Journal of Management, International Business Review, Journal of International Business Policy, Journal of World Business, Management and Organization Review and Multinational Business Review, among others. He has authored Russian Multinationals (2012) and International Strategy of Emerging Market Firms (2017). Dr Panibratov was elected as the first National Representative of Russia and is a board member of the European International Business Academy. He is the recipient of grants funded by the government and corporations. He serves on the editorial and review boards of several top international journals.

Cristiano Morini

State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
Since 2012, Dr Morini has been a full-time professor at the State University of Campinas, Brazil, where he became a Distinguished Teaching Professor in 2023. Dr Morini has actively contributed to applied research on topics such as trade facilitation, customs administration and digital entrepreneurship. He has contributed to implementing the Brazilian Single Window as a consultant for the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB). He has participated in multiple professional and academic associations with frontline experts over the last twenty-seven years. Nowadays, he is leading a four-year research project funded by the São Paulo Research Foundation.

Diego Finchelstein

Universidad de San Andrés, Victoria, Argentina
Dr Finchelstein is an associate professor at Universidad de San Andrés in Argentina and a researcher at Argentina’s National Research Agency. He holds a PhD from Northwestern University. His main areas of expertise are in the relation between institutional environments, state action and internationalisation, as well as innovation from emerging markets. His research has been published in prestigious international journals. Dr Finchelstein has accepted invitations to teach in different universities from Latin America, Europe and the United States. He served as an executive director of the Emerging Multinationals Research Network, and he is currently a member of the executive board at the Latin American and Caribbean Chapter of the Academy of International Business. He has served as a consultant for the Argentine Secretariat of Energy and the Inter American Development Bank.

Eduardo Avancci Dionisio

State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
Dr Eduardo Avancci Dionisio is a postdoctoral researcher in administration at the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) (2024). He has a PhD in science and technology policy from UNICAMP (2023). He has a master’s degree in production and manufacturing engineering from UNICAMP (2017), a bachelor’s degree in economics from the University of Cruzeiro do Sul (2023) and a degree in technology in business management from the Faculty of Technology of the State of São Paulo (FATEC) (2012). He has been a professor in business and civil engineering courses at the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of São Paulo and a professor in the human resources management course at FATEC.

Edmundo Inácio Júnior

State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
Dr Edmundo Inácio Júnior holds a bachelor’s degree in business administration from the State University of Maringá (1996), a master’s degree in business administration Uem/Uel from the State University of Maringá (2002), a master’s degree in computer science from the Federal University of Paraná (2003) and a doctorate in science and technology policy from the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) (2008). He taught management studies at the Air Force Academy (2005–2012) in Pirassununga for seven years and is currently a professor at the School of Applied Sciences at UNICAMP. He is an associate professor at the Postgraduate Program in Administration and the Postgraduate Program in Science and Technology Policy. He has experience in management, with an emphasis on technological innovation and focus on entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial behaviour, development of science and technology and innovation indicators and their applications.

Erik Stam

Utrecht University School of Economics, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Dr Stam is a professor of strategy, organization and entrepreneurship; board member of Strategic Research Theme Institutions for Open Societies; academic director of the Center for Entrepreneurship at Utrecht University and Extraordinary Professor at Stellenbosch University (South Africa). He was the dean of the Utrecht University School of Economics and held positions at Erasmus University Rotterdam, the University of Cambridge, the University of Oxford, the Max Planck Institute of Economics (Jena, Germany), the IMT School for Advanced Studies (Lucca, Italy) and the Netherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy. He is the editor of the journals Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Small Business Economics and Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship. He is a leading scholar of entrepreneurial ecosystems, engaged in the science and practice of entrepreneurship-led development, both locally and globally. Next to his scientific work he is often consulted by governments, at the local, regional, national and international level (European Commission, OECD, G20, African Union, World Bank) and by start-ups, investors and corporates on innovation and entrepreneurship.

Fernanda Cahen

Higher School of Advertising and Marketing, São Paulo, Brazil
Fernanda Cahen (PhD, University of São Paulo) is a professor of international business and innovation and the head of entrepreneurship and innovation for all academic programs at the Higher School of Advertising and Marketing, Brazil. She was a visiting researcher at USC Marshall, Lloyd Greif Center for Entrepreneurial Studies and a postdoctoral fellow at the Kelley School of Business, Indiana University. Dr Cahen has a PhD degree from University of São Paulo in business administration, and she specialises in international entrepreneurship with focus on strategy and innovation of high-tech ventures and digital companies. Her latest publications include articles in the Journal of International Management, R&D Management and Journal of Business Research, among others. She is a member of the Emerging Multinationals Research Network at the Emerging Market Institute at Cornell University.

Fred Olayele

Crandall University, Department of Graduate Studies, Moncton, Canada
Dr Fred Olayele is an associate professor of management at the Department of Graduate Studies, Crandall University and a senior fellow at the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University. A seasoned economist, development finance executive, and innovation strategy leader with a diverse career focused on global business, finance, public policy, development and academia, his expertise covers trade policy, innovation strategy, foreign direct investment, urban policy, political economy and inclusive development. He has taught courses in four Canadian universities and served as a visiting professor and guest speaker across universities and academic institutions abroad. He previously served as chief economist and senior vice president at the New York City Economic Development Corporation, where he oversaw a wide range of economic policy initiatives to help position New York as a global model for inclusive growth and innovation. Prior to that, he advised the Canadian provincial governments of British Columbia and Saskatchewan on economic development and energy policy. Earlier in his career before joining academia, he was a global trade finance specialist with Citigroup. He sits on the academic advisory board of the Emerging Markets Institute at Cornell University. He is a member of the international advisory board of the International Economic Development Council in Washington, DC. He chairs the board of directors of the Economic Club of Africa Network and the governing board of Blue Global Canada Institute. Dr. Olayele hosts the Global Recast podcast, a series of curated conversations with global leaders on grit, courage, and economic optimism in a fractured world. He holds a PhD in economics from Lancaster University, United Kingdom, and an MA in economics from the University of Victoria in British Columbia, Canada.

José Ernesto Amorós

Tecnológico de Monterrey, EGADE Business School, Mexico City, Mexico & Universidad del Desarrollo, School of Business and Economics, Santiago, Chile
Dr Amorós is a professor and associate dean of faculty and research at EGADE Business School, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico. Until December 2015, he was the executive director of the Entrepreneurship Institute at Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile. He is a member of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Mexico. He holds a PhD in management sciences from the ESADE Business School, Spain. He has a bachelor’s degree in business administration and MSc in marketing from Tecnológico de Monterrey , Mexico. He is a member of several academic organizations and the vice president of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management. His research interests are entrepreneurship and competitiveness, high growth new business, entrepreneurship and regional development and corporate entrepreneurship.

Juana García Duque

Universidad de los Andes , School of Management, Bogotá, Colombia
Dr García Duque is an associate professor at the School of Management at the Universidad de losAndes, and she is the director of Strategy and Entrepreneurship area. She is a member of the Academic Committee of the Master’s in Peacebuilding and the Master’s in Regeneration and Sustainable Development. She was a visiting scholar at the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies at Harvard University (2019–2020). Her research and teaching have focused on international development, with a focus on two aspects: the development and internationalisation of emerging economies and the role of other actors such as businesses and international cooperation entities in peacebuilding. She leads two of the university’s research groups: Emerging Competitiveness and Organizations & Peacebuilding. She is a member of international networks, such as the Emerging Markets Research Network and the Microeconomics of Competitiveness at Harvard Business School. She is a member of the International Board of the Emerging Markets Institute at Cornell University. She has published in Business Horizons, Third World Quarterly, Transnational Corporations Review and the Canadian Journal of Development, among others, and book publications and book chapters in academic publishers such as Cambridge University Press, Palgrave, and Uniandes, among others.

John R. McIntyre

Center for International Business Education and Research (CIBER), Scheller College of Business, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, USA
John R. McIntyre is the founding director of the Georgia Tech CIBER, a national center of excellence and a professor of management (strategy and innovation) in the Scheller College of Business with a courtesy appointment in international relations in Georgia Tech’s Sam Nunn School of International Affairs. He received his graduate education at Northeastern University, Strasbourg University and McGill University, completing his PhD at the University of Georgia. Prior to joining Georgia Tech, he was a research associate and fellow at the Dean Rusk Center of the University of Georgia Law School. Author or co-author of sixteen books, he is the recipient of the State of Georgia Governor’s International Award in international business education in 2009; the French National Order of Merit (Knight) awarded by the President of France, 2009 and the Georgia Tech-wide Steven Denning Faculty Award for Global Engagement, 2015. He was made Honorary Professor at ICN Graduate School of Business, University of Lorraine, France, 2017.

Jan Jacob Vogelaar

Utrecht University School of Economics, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Jan Jacob Vogelaar is a PhD candidate at the Utrecht University School of Economics. He holds an MSc in economic geography from Utrecht University and an MA in public policy from Central European University. His research focuses on innovative entrepreneurship, with a particular interest in the role of governments in fostering it. Alongside his academic work, Mr Vogelaar serves as an economic policymaker in the Netherlands.

James Hoadley

Center for International Business Education and Research (CIBER), Scheller College of Business, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, USA
James Hoadley, Associate Director of CIBER at Georgia Tech, has extensive experience in international business and education. He created the International Practicum course in 2005 while an MBA student and president of the MBA International Business Club. With eight years of experience in Japan working with Seiko EPSON Corporation and time at a Japanese auto parts supplier in South Carolina, Mr. Hoadley brings deep expertise in Japanese business. He co-chairs the Programs Committee of the Japan America Society of Georgia, has served on the board of JapanFest, and is active in global trade initiatives through the Metro Atlanta Chamber of Commerce and ORBATL. A published researcher and international presenter, his work focuses on Japanese foreign direct investment, innovation in education, study abroad programs and the role of language and culture in business education.

Kalman Kalotay

ELTE CERS Institute of World Economics, Budapest, Hungary
Dr Kalotay is a part-time external research fellow of the ELTE CERS Institute of World Economics, Budapest, Hungary, as well as Honorary Professor of the Corvinus University in Budapest. From 1990 until his retirement in 2021, he worked for the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Geneva, Switzerland. From 1996 to 2010 and again from 2016 to 2021, he worked for the World Investment Report group and for the editorial team of the Transnational Corporations journal. Between 2010 and 2016, he was in UNCTAD’s Investment Policy Review group, providing advice to national policymakers. From 2001 to 2019, he also taught investment strategies for UNCTAD’s policy programs. From 1990 to 1996, he was a policy analyst of economic cooperation among developing countries at the UNCTAD secretariat. Prior to joining UNCTAD, he had taught international economics at the Corvinus University (1983–1990). He holds a PhD from the same university. Dr Kalotay’s research was supported by the National Research, Development and Innovation Office of Hungary, under Grant No. FK-146590.

Lourdes Casanova

Emerging Markets Institute, Cornell S. C. Johnson College of Business, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
Lourdes Casanova is the Gail and Rob Cañizares Director of the Emerging Markets Institute and a senior lecturer at Cornell S. C. Johnson College of Business, Cornell University. Formerly at INSEAD, in 2024 she was awarded the Euroknowledge Global Thought Leader by the Foreign Investment Network. Dr Casanova was named one of the top 50 most influential Iberoamerican intellectuals and one of the top 30 most influential Iberoamerican women intellectuals by Esglobal. A Fulbright scholar, Dr Casanova has a master’s degree from the University of Southern California and a PhD from the University of Barcelona. Her research focuses on the internationalisation of emerging market multinationals. She is a co-editor with F. Cahen and A. Miroux of the book From Copycats to Leaders: Innovation from Emerging Markets (2021) and with A. Miroux of The Era of Chinese Multinationals (2019). She is the author of the Emerging Market Multinationals Report (2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024); co-author with P. Cornelius and S. Dutta of Entrepreneurship and the Finance of Innovation in Emerging Markets (2018); co-author with J. Kassum of The Political Economy of an Emerging Global Power: In search of the Brazilian Dream (2014) and author of Global Latinas: Latin America’s Emerging Multinationals (2009). Dr Casanova is a former member of the Global Agenda Council; Competitiveness in Latin America World Economic Forum; B20 Task Force in G20 summit, Los Cabos (2012) and a board member of the Boyce Tompson Institute. She is a co-founder of Ithaca Hub of Global Shapers; an op-ed writer for Latin Trade; Agenda Publica contributor to CNN en Español, El País and The Economist; and Latin America Advisor of The Dialogue and Voice of America.

Liliane Oliveira Guimarães

Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais (PUC Minas), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Dr Liliane de Oliveira Guimarães is a professor of the Postgraduate Program in Administration at PUC Minas and coordinator of the Research Center for Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Territorial Development. She holds a PhD in management sciences from the Getúlio Vargas Foundation of São Paulo and was a visiting scholar at Indiana University, Bloomington campus. She has a bachelor’s degree in business administration and MSc in business from Center for Graduate Studies and Research in Administration, Federal University of Minas Gerais (CEPEAD-UFMG), Brazil. She is a founding member of the National Association for Studies in Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management. Her research interests include entrepreneurship, technology-based entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship and immigration, innovation, networks and clusters, governance of mining regions and regional development.

Leandro Lima dos Santos

Northeastern University, Boston, USA
Dr Ramamurti is a university distinguished professor of international business and strategy and founding director of the Center for Emerging Markets at Northeastern University. He got his MBA from IIM-Ahmedabad (gold medalist) and his DBA from Harvard University. He studies strategy and innovation in emerging markets. Dr Ramamurti has been a visiting professor at Harvard Business School, the Wharton School, the MIT-Sloan School, the Fletcher School, CEIBS-Shanghai and IMD-Switzerland. He was elected a Fellow of the Academy of International Business in 2008 and has served as Deputy Dean of the AIB Fellows (2020–2023). His nine books include three published by Cambridge University Press on the internationalization of emerging-market firms and one published by HBR Press on reverse innovation in healthcare. A Stanford study includes Dr Ramamurti among the top 2 per cent of all scientists in the world based on citations, and he is among the top 5 most cited scholars working on emerging markets. He has studied or consulted with dozens of public and private firms in twenty emerging economies and was chief consultant to the World Bank’s board on its privatization strategy in developing countries.

Michel Hermans

IAE Business School, Universidad Austral, Pilar, Argentina
Michel Hermans (PhD, Cornell University) is a professor of organizational behaviour at the IAE Business School, Universidad Austral in Argentina and a visiting professor at the EGADE Business School, TEC de Monterrey in Mexico. His research interests lie at the intersection of the strategic management of people and international business. Specifically, he focuses on connections between organisational strategies, human resources management practices, capabilities development and performance outcomes. His research has been published in outlets such as the Journal of International Business Studies, Long Range Planning, Human Resource Management Journal, Journal of Business Research and the European Business Review.

Moacir de Miranda Oliveira Jr

University of São Paulo, Department of Business Administration, São Paulo, Brazil
Moacir de Miranda Oliveira Jr is a full professor in the Department of Business Administration at the University of São Paulo (USP) and Otto Mønsted Visiting Professor at the Copenhagen Business School (2023–2025). Dr Oliveira is currently the president of the Triple Helix Association (from 2024), the president of the Endowment Fund of USP (from 2024) and the head of the USP Partnerships Office (from 2022). He is also Scientific Coordinator of the Innovation and Technology Management Program at USP (PGT-USP) (from 2022) and Innovation Director of the ARIES Center for Research, Innovation and Dissemination in Antimicrobial Research (from 2023). He is currently a member of the Steering Committee of the Center for Artificial Intelligence of IBM + USP (from 2020); Academic Network Partner of the Global Innovation Index (from 2020); member of the Global Steering Committee of the Emerging Markets Institute, Cornell University (from 2016); Director for Latin America at the Center for Global R&D and Innovation (GLORAD) (from 2016) and a founding member of Emerging Multinationals Research Network (from 2015). Dr Oliveira has published 6 books and over 100 papers in academic journals. His most recent book is Startups and Innovation Ecosystems in Emerging Markets (2019). As a consultant in the field of strategy, innovation and international business, he has worked for some of the largest corporations and several governments for over thirty years.

Mzukisi Qobo

Wits School of Governance, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Dr Qobo is South Africa’s Ambassador to the World Trade Organisation and a visiting professor at the Wits School of Governance, University of the Witwatersrand. He previously served as the head of the Wits School of Governance and as a member of President Cyril Ramaphosa’s Economic Advisory Council from 2019 to 2024. Dr Qobo’s work spans international relations, geopolitics, and the political economy of green and digital transitions. He holds a PhD from the University of Warwick (UK), an MA from Stellenbosch University, and a BA from the University of Cape Town.

Ricardo Buitrago

EGADE Business School, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
Dr Buitrago (PhD, University of Palermo) currently serves as an associate research professor in strategy and international management at the EGADE Business School, Tecnológico de Monterrey. Before joining EGADE, he held various leadership roles as the program head and dean at several Colombian universities and has been a visiting professor at multiple institutions across Latin America. With research interests at the intersection of international political economy, institutions, strategy and international business, he has been an editor and reviewer for various top-tier journals, including the Journal of Business Research, International Business Review and European Management Journal, among others. He serves as an academic advisor for Cornell’s Emerging Markets Institute and currently is the president of the Business Association for Latin American Studies.

Ravi Ramamurti

Northeastern University, Boston, USA
Dr Ramamurti is a university distinguished professor of international business and strategy and founding director of the Center for Emerging Markets at Northeastern University. He got his MBA from IIM-Ahmedabad (gold medalist) and his DBA from Harvard University. He studies strategy and innovation in emerging markets. Dr Ramamurti has been a visiting professor at Harvard Business School, the Wharton School, the MIT-Sloan School, the Fletcher School, CEIBS-Shanghai and IMD-Switzerland. He was elected a Fellow of the Academy of International Business in 2008 and has served as Deputy Dean of the AIB Fellows (2020–2023). His nine books include three published by Cambridge University Press on the internationalization of emerging-market firms and one published by HBR Press on reverse innovation in healthcare. A Stanford study includes Dr Ramamurti among the top 2 per cent of all scientists in the world based on citations, and he is among the top 5 most cited scholars working on emerging markets. He has studied or consulted with dozens of public and private firms in twenty emerging economies and was chief consultant to the World Bank’s board on its privatization strategy in developing countries.

Sherif Kamel

Onsi Sawiris School of Business, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
Dr Kamel is a professor of management at the Heikal Department of Management and the dean of the Onsi Sawiris School of Business at The American University in Cairo. Previously, he served as the university vice president for information management. Before joining the university, he was the director of the Regional Information Technology Institute and managed the training department of the Cabinet of Egypt Information and Decision Support Center. He serves as the chair of the board of directors of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) and vice chair of the Global Alliance in Management Education (CEMS). He serves on the board of directors of the Central Bank of Egypt, the Global Business Schools Network, and Education for Employment Egypt. He is a member of the Egypt-U.S. Business Council and the Egyptian Center for Economic Studies. He is a founding member of the Internet Society of Egypt. He served as the president of the board of governors of the American Chamber of Commerce in Egypt. He co-chaired the board of stewards of the African Women Entrepreneurship Cooperative. He served on the international board of the Association of MBAs and the Business Graduate Association. His teaching and research interests include digital transformation, information technology transfer to emerging economies, decision support systems, and entrepreneurship. He has authored many academic and business articles, book chapters, and three edited books. He authored the book Leading Change in Challenging Times: Lessons of Disruption and Innovation from Egypt – Thoughts, Observations, and Reflections and the NileView article series.

Dr Kamel is an Eisenhower Fellow. He holds a PhD in information systems from the London School of Economics, an MBA, an MA in Islamic Art and Architecture, and a BA in business administration from The American University in Cairo.

Veneta Andonova

Universidad de los Andes School of Management, Bogotá, Colombia
Dr Andonova is an associate professor of strategy and entrepreneurship and former dean of Universidad de los Andes School of Management in Colombia. She obtained her doctoral degree in management from Pompeu Fabra University, Spain and has taught for some of the top business schools in Latin America. She is an accomplished educator, entrepreneurial mentor and researcher. Her scientific contributions have been published in highly ranked international journals in economics and management, and she is a co-author of three successful books: Multilatinas: Strategies for Internationalization (2017), Entrepreneurial Ecosystems in Unexpected Places (2019) and Cases on Entrepreneurship and Innovation (2024).

Xingqi Ye

University of California, Berkeley, USA

Xingqi Ye is a PhD student at the University of California in Berkeley, with a master’s degree from Cornell University, studying healthcare management. She holds a Bachelor of Science degree from Imperial College London. Her research interests include digital transformation, the evolution of innovation ecosystems and creative entrepreneurs in emerging markets.